English name:

Acai berry

Scientific name:

Euterpe oleracea Mart.

Compounds:

Antocyanidins and their polymers (cyanidin and peonidin glycosides)flavonoids (orientinhomoorientintaxifolinluteolinchrysoeriolquercetinvitexinchlorogenic acidlipids (33-49%)sterolsprotein (9-14%)vitamins (AB1C and E) and minerals (calciumphosphorusiron).

Effect:

In vitro experiments have shown that polyphenolic compounds have antioxidant effects. However, there are no detailed scientific studies showing the effect of the fruit on human health. In a 2009 study, 12 volunteers were asked to consume acai juice, and subsequent tests revealed a notable increase in the level of antioxidants in blood. On the other hand,In a 2010 study that compared the antioxidant capacity of the juices of 18 fruits commonly consumed in the tropics, acai berry ranked in the middle of the distribution. Therefore,all health suggestions in popular sourceswith regard to the health effect of acai berries are hypothetical based on the fruit’s antioxidant effect. It is suggested that, like other antioxidants, the fruit may play a role inprotecting the heart and vascular system, treating inflammatory diseases, and preventing cancer.

Usage:

The juice of the fruit has a dark purple color due to the antocyanidines, and it is used as food coloring invarious drinks (fruit juicesenergy drinksalcoholic beverages) and foods (jellyice cream, etc.). The juice is commonly mixed with other fruit juices to enhance palatability. No risks have been reported when used at recommended amounts.

Warning:

English name:

Sage

Scientific name:

Salvia officinalis L.

Compounds:

Essential oils (1.5-3.5%) [thujone (20-60%)cineole (6-16%)camphor (14-37%)]caffeic acid derivatives (3-6%) [rosmarinic acidchlorogenic acid]flavonoids [apigenin and luteolin glycosides]triterpenes [ursolic acid (5%)]diterpenes [carnosolic acid].

Effect:

Gastrointestinal disorders: indigestionand loss of appetite. Reduces excessive sweating in common cold. Used in infections of the mouth and throat (bacterialfungal and viral) and inflammations (as essential oil)

Usage:

2-3 times per dayfreshly boiled water is poured on 2 grams of leaves and left to infuse in a covered teapot for 5-10 minutes before drinking. A stronger infusion made with 3-4 grams of leaves is used as gargle

Warning:

No risks have been reported when used as an infusion in recommended amounts. Not recommended for use during pregnancy.

English name:

Physalis, Cape gooseberry

Scientific name:

Physalis edulis Sims.

Compounds:

Carotenoidsvitamins (CB1B2B3)pectincarbohydratesfibersminerals (calciumphosphorusiron)

Effect:

Believed to have an antioxidant effect due to the presence of carotenoids. However, there are no scientific studies showing its effect on human health. Two experimental studies on the antioxidant effect of Physalis peruvianum have shown that the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the fruit iscomparatively lower than other tropical fruits. Although claimed in popular sources to help with weight loss and cancer prevention, these claims have not been corroborated by scientific findings.

Usage:

The orange fruit is protected by a papery cover, and is consumed either raw or dried. No risks have been reported when used at recommended amounts. Unripe fruits are toxic.

Warning:

English name:

Anise

Scientific name:

Pimpinella anisum L.

Compounds:

Essential oils (2-6%) [anethole (94%)estragole (2%)]caffeic acid derivatives [chlorogenic acid (0.1%)]flavonoids [apigenin and luteolin glycosides]fixed oils (30%)proteic substances (20%)

Effect:

Gastrointestinal disorders: indigestionflatulenceloss of appetitemild spasms (as essential oil). Respiratory disorders: used in mouth and throat infections and inflammation in common cold as expectorant in coughing.

Usage:

In order for the essential oils in the secretory channels to become effective, the seeds must be ground before use and ground seeds must not be left out in the open. When used as a digestive and antiflatulent: boiled water is poured on 1-2 grams of seeds and left to infuse in a closed container for 5-10 minutes and consumed before meals. Suggested amount is one teaspoon for infantsand one dessert spoon for adults. When used as expectorant, the infusionis taken in the morning and in the evening.

Warning:

Aside from allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, no side effects have been reported.

English name:

Juniper

Scientific name:

Juniperus communis L.

Compounds:

Essential oils (1-2%) [alpha-Pinenebeta-Pinenemyrceneetc. terpenes

Effect:

caryophyllenecadinene etc. sesquiterpene hydrocarbons4-terpineol etc. terpene alcohols]. Flavonoid glycosidescatechic tanninsoligomeric proantocyanidinsresin

Usage:

Used in indigestion and loss of appetite.Increases production of urine (as essential oil).Lowers blood sugar and reduces blood pressure.

Warning:

Consumed as an infusion made with 0.5-1 grams of dried fruit, 2-3 times per day. Consumption should not exceed 10 grams per day. For renal and urinary tract disorders, juniper berries are mixed with other herbs that have an effect on the urinary system to create infusions.

English name:

Marigold

Scientific name:

Calendula officinalis L.

Compounds:

Triterpene saponins (2-10%) [oleanolic acid glycosides]flavonoids (0.3-0.8%) [isorhamnetinquercetin glycosides]hydroxycoumarins [aesculetinetc.]carotenoids [luteinzeaxanthin]water-soluble polysaccharides (15%) [ramnoarabinogalactans]polyinesessential oils (0.2%) [alpha-Cadinol]

Effect:

Suggested for use in mouth and throat inflammations

Usage:

and for symptomatic treatment of common cold, sore throat and cough and as a diaphoretic

Warning:

Used as an infusion made with 150 ml of freshly boiled water added on top of 1-2 grams of dried herband left to soak for 10 minutes.

English name:

Quince

Scientific name:

Cydonia oblongata L.

Compounds:

Mucilagecyanogenetic glycosides [amigdalin]tannins and vitamin C.

Effect:

Recommended for use as cough suppressant (cyanogenetic glycoside) and to alleviate sore throat (mucilage) combined with other herbs such as linden.

Usage:

One teaspoon of unground quince seeds are infused in a cup of water for 5-10 minutes and consumed before bed. If made with ground seeds, the amount of seeds must be halved (half a teaspoon) as the infusion made with ground seeds takes on a dense, jelly-like texture.

Warning:

No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts. However, excessive use of quince seeds is not recommended.

English name:

Hibiscus, Roselle, Red Sorrel

Scientific name:

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa ruber

Compounds:

Fruit acids (15-30%)[(+)-allohydroxi citric acid lactone

Effect:

citricmalictartaric acids]antocyanins [delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides]flavonoids [gossypetin]mucilages

Usage:

The plant is not grown in Turkeyand is imported instead. Although it is endemic to Niger, Africait is cultivated in a number of countries with suitable climate due to its uses. It is known as karkadeh by herbalists in the Islamic culture. Although it belongs to the same taxonomic family as okra, the similarities end there. As such, its local name (translated to okra flower) is erroneous and prone to cause confusion. Therefore, a better naming alternative would be African okra or Black okra (Baytop1999). Gastrointestinal disorders: Mild laxative effect due to the presence of high quantities of weakly absorbed fruit acidsappetite stimulantRespiratory disorders: Reduces the symptoms of common coldserves as an expectorant Heart and vascular system disorders: Regulates circulationlowers high blood pressureeffective against palpitations.

Warning:

1.5-2 grams of dry crumbled calyx is mixed with 150 ml of freshly boiled waterand left to soak for 5-10 minutes before consumption.

English name:

Alder buckthorn

Scientific name:

Frangula alnus Miller (=Rhamnus frangula L.)

Compounds:

Anthracene derivatives [emodin-physcion and chrysophanol]pungent compounds

Effect:

It is beneficial in persistent constipation due to its stimulant laxative effect. It affects the bowelsand stimulates bowel movement. It is also used to alleviate the symptoms of spastic constipation due to its moderate-mild laxative effect.

Usage:

Recommended usage is the minimum amount required for a laxative effect. The herb is mixed with freshly boiled water and left to soak for 10 minutes before consumption. Combining plants with complementary effects to achieve a more effective resultmay also help reduce the amount of laxative herbs used. For this purposeand equal quantity (1 gram) of alder buckthorn bark,wild chamomile petals and fennel fruit can be infused together and left to soak for 10 minutes before consumption.

Warning:

The bark must be matured for a year after harvesting. The purpose of the maturation is to allow the derivatives of anthranol, a strong irritant present in the bark, to oxidate into anthraquinone derivatives, which are only mildly irritant. Consumption of fresh bark may lead to severe vomiting and cramps. Continuous use of laxatives during persistent or chronic constipation is not recommended due to health risks. Recommended usage period should not exceed 10-15 days. Continued or long-term use may lead to electrolyte imbalance, especially of potassiumor clinical albuminuria or hematuria (presence of albumin or blood in urine). Symptoms may exacerbate in Individuals with potassium deficiencyor those on diuretics (thiazides)cardiac medication (antiarrhythmiccardioactive glycoside) or corticosteroids, leading to reduced cardiac function or weakness in cardiac muscles. Not recommended for use during pregnancy. Passes into breast milk in negligible amounts and does not create a laxative effect on breastfed infants.

English name:

Blackberry

Scientific name:

Rubus fruticosus L. Rubus caesius L.Rubus sanctus Schreber.

Compounds:

Fruit acids [citric acidisocitric acid]flavonoidstannins (8-14%) [gallotanninsdimeric ellagic tanninspolypeptides

Effect:

Has an astringent effect due to high tannin content. Used in acute noninfectious diarrhea. Also used as gargle for mild mouth and throat inflammations and gingival bleeding.

Usage:

Consumed 2-3 times per day as infusion made with 2 grams of pulverized leaves mixed with hot water and left to soak for 10-15 minutesor used as gargle.

Warning:

For persistent diarrhea after 3-4 days, a physician must be consulted.

English name:

Yarrow

Scientific name:

Achillea millefolium L.

Compounds:

Essential oils (0.2-1.0%) [chamazulene (6-19%)camphor (20%)beta-Pinene (20%)cineole (10%)caryophyllene (10%)sesquiterpene lactones [guaianolidesgermacranolidesproazulenes]polyenesalkamidesflavonoids [apigenin and luteolin glycosides]betaine.

Effect:

Stimulates bile flow (sesquiterpenes)relieves spasms (flavonoids)reduces edema and inflammation (proazulenes). Has a similar effect to wild chamomile. Commonly used as a substitute to chamomile in Anatolia. Gastrointestinal disorders: Effective against indigestionand mild cases of spasms and flatulence. Recommended in functional disorders of the gallbladder and liver.

Usage:

Daily recommended amount is 3-4 grams of flowers or 4.5-6 grams of above-ground stems. 2-3 times per day, 1.5-2 grams of crushed herbs are mixed with freshly boiled water and left to infuse in a covered teapot for 5-10 minutes before drinking.

Warning:

Individuals allergic to chamomile pollens should use with care. Not recommended for use during pregnancy (essential oil contains trace amounts of thujone). Excessive use may interfere with blood clotting (anticoagulant) and blood pressure medication (hypotension and hypertension).

English name:

Ginkgo

Scientific name:

Ginkgo biloba L.

Compounds:

Diterpene lactones (%3.1)[ginkgolides ABC and J]sesquiterpene lactones (5-7%) [guaianolidesflavonol glycosides (22-27%) [quercetinkaempferol and isorhamnetin glycosides]

Effect:

Used as a prophylactic in cardiovascular disorders due to its anticoagulant and antioxidant effects. [Note: In dementiaAlzheimer’s or other cerebral deficiency disorders and peripheral blood vessel conditions, recommended use is the extract in standard drug form].

Usage:

May be consumed as an infusion 3-4 times per day in combination with herbs that have a similar effect.

Warning:

Generally, usage warnings related to ginkgo are not applicable to its usage in the form of herbal infusion. Yet, when used alongside anticoagulant medication, the blood clotting time should be monitored.

English name:

Ginseng

Scientific name:

Panax ginseng C.A.

Compounds:

Saponins [dammarane and oleanane derivatives; ginsenosides]polyacetylene derivativespolysaccharides.;Increasesbody resistance in fatigue and exhaustionand boosts the immune system. The effects are visible only on long-term use. Regulates the immune system (Scaglione1990) Reduces post-meal blood glucose spikes in non-diabetic (normoglycemic) individuals (Sotaniemi1995). ;1-2 grams of ground or crushed ginseng root is added to a large, covered cup (150-200 mL) filled with freshly boiled hot water. The cup is covered and the herb is left to soak for 15-20 minutes before consumption. To increase effectiveness, the infusion can be boiled in a open-topped coffee pot for 10-15 minutes after boiling water is added.;Due to its effect in reducing blood sugardiabetics on medications that lower blood sugar may need to reduce the dosage under supervision. As a resultit is recommended that blood sugar levels in diabetics are monitored during ginseng consumption. In addition, ginseng may increase the risk of bleeding in patients using anticoagulants due to reduced blood viscosity. Therefore, symptoms such as bruising should be looked out for.

Effect:

Usage:

Warning:

English name:

Chicory

Scientific name:

Cichorium intybus L.

Compounds:

Sesquiterpenes [lactucinlactucopicrin]caffeic acid derivatives [cichoric acidchlorogenic acid]hydroxycoumarins [umbelliferone]flavonoids [hyperoside]polyenesinulin and pentosans

Effect:

Gastrointestinal disorders: mild biligenicaids in digestion.

Usage:

2-4 grams of dried above-ground parts of the plant is mixed with hot water and left to soak for 10-15 minutes before consumption.

Warning:

‎No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

Birch

Scientific name:

Betula pendula Roth or Betula pubescens Ehrhart

Compounds:

Flavonoids (1.5%) [hyperosidequercetinmyricetin glycosides]triterpene saponins [betulasaponins]protoanthocyanidinscaffeic acid derivatives [chlorogenic acid]essential oils

Effect:

Urinary system disorders: diuertic (weak saluretic action)kidney and ureteric stonesurinary tract infections.

Usage:

2-3 grams of dried and crushed leaves are mixed with freshly boiled water and left to soak for 15 minutes. Repeated 3-4 times per day.

Warning:

‎No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

Linden

Scientific name:

Tilia platyphyllos ScopoliTilia cordata Miller

Compounds:

Essential oils (0.01-0.02%) [linaloolgermacrenegeraniolflavonoids [tilirosideastragalinisoquercitrin]mucilages (10%)caffeic acid derivatives [chlorogenic acid]tannins

Effect:

Respiratory disorders: Alleviates the symptoms of common coldserves as a diaphoreticexpectorantmild sedativeanti-inflammatory and analgesic.

Usage:

2 grams of dried flowers are mixed with boiled water and left to soak for 15 minutes before consumption. Can be repeated several times per day.

Warning:

English name:

Stinging Nettle

Scientific name:

Urtica dioica L.

Compounds:

Flavonoids (0.7-0.8%) [rutinisoquercitrinastragalin]mineral salts [silicic acid (1-4%)potassium (0.6%)calciumnitrates (1.5-3%)]essential oils [ketones

Effect:

2-methylhept-2-en-6-on]. Stinging hairs contain histaminserotoninacetylcholineformic acidleukotrienes [LTB4LTC4LTD4].

Usage:

Urinary system disorders: Used in kidney and bladder infections and inflammationsand to facilitate the passage of kidney stones. Inflammatory diseases: Alleviates the symptoms of rheumatism Studies have shown that nettle enhances the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory medication when used in combination. It also boosts the immune system.

Warning:

‎No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

Cardamom

Scientific name:

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

Compounds:

Essential oils [cineolelinalyl acetatealpha-terpinyl acetate]fixed oilsstarch

Effect:

Respiratory disorders: effective in bacterial and viral infections Alleviates the symptoms of common coldbronchitiscoughingand high fever. Boosts the immune system: Helps in the development of resistance in individuals susceptible to infectious diseases. Beneficial in mouth and throat inflammations. Gastrointestinal disorders: Essential oils have a biligenic effect. Helps with digestion. Used in liver and gallbladder disordersand against loss of appetite.

Usage:

and as an antiseptic in mouth and throat infections caused by bacteria, microfungi and viruseshas an analgesic effect.

Warning:

‎No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

Blackpepper

Scientific name:

Piper nigrum

Compounds:

Essential oils (1.2-2.6%) [sabinene (15-25%)limonene (15-20%caryophyllene (10-15%)beta-Pinene (10-12%)alpha-Pinene (8-12%)]amide acids [piperinepiperylinepiperolein]polysaccharides (45%)fixed oils (10%).

Effect:

Supports liver and metabolic functions. Increases salivary gland and stomach mucosa secretionand facilitates digestion and boosts the metabolism.

Usage:

0.3-0.6 grams of pulverized fruits are mixed with boiled water in a covered cup and left to soak for 10-15 minutes before consumption. Up to 1.5 grams can be used per day.

Warning:

‎No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

Clove

Scientific name:

Szygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill et L.M. Perry (= Jambosa caryophyllus (Sprengel) Niedenzu = Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg)

Compounds:

Essential oils (14-21%) [eugenol (70-90%)eugenol acetate (17%)beta-caryophyllene (5-12%)]flavonoids [astragalinisoquercitrinhyperosidequercetin-34`-diglucoside]tannins (10%) [elagitannins]triterpenes [oleanolic acidmalic acid]sterols [beta-Sitosterol]

Effect:

Mouth and throat disorders: Serves as an anti-inflammatory in mouth and throat mucosa inflammations

Usage:

and as an antiseptic in mouth and throat infections caused by bacteria, microfungi and viruseshas an analgesic effect.

Warning:

No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

Valerian

Scientific name:

Valeriana officinalis L.

Compounds:

Iridioides (0.5-2.0%) [valepotriates

Effect:

isovaltrate (46%)isovaleroxihydroxi didrovaltrate (%10-20)]essential oils (0.2-1.0%) [(-)-bornyl isovalerenateisovalerenic acid]sesquiterpenes [valerenic acid] (0.1-0.9%)]caffeic acid derivatives [chlorogenic acid]pyridine alkaloids (trace amount ofcat pheremones).

Usage:

Nervous system disorders Effective against anxietystressand sleeping disorders. The effect gradually becomes more pronounced with long-term use (at least 20 days. One of the most distinguishing characteristics of the plant’s roots is the foul smell (akin to smelly socks) due to the volatile constituents, such as the isovalerenic acid [Note: This does not mean that the plant has spoiled].

Warning:

The active ingredients in the valerian root are sensitive to heat. As such, the root must not be boiled. To create a more effective infusion, 2-5 grams (1 teaspoon) of crushed roots (depending on the desired strength) is added to freshly boiled and cooled water (50-60°C), and left to soak overnight. Recommended use is 2-3 cups per day, with the last cup before bed. Daily recommended amount is 15 grams of the root.

English name:

Coriander

Scientific name:

Coriandrum sativum L. var.vulgare ( =var.macrocarpum Alefeld = var.microcarpum de Candolle)

Compounds:

Essential oils (0.4-1.7%) [coriandrol (60-75%)borneol]fixed oils (13-21%) [petroselinic acidoleic acidlinolenic acid]hydroxycoumarins [umbelliferonescopoletin].

Effect:

Gastrointestinal disorders: Its volatile compounds stimulate gastric acid secretion. As a resultit is used as a digestive aidagainst indigestion and loss of appetite, and as an antiflatulent.

Usage:

3 times per day, between meals, 1 gram (1-2 teaspoons) of crushed seeds are mixed with boiled water and left to soak in a covered cup for 15 minutes before consumption. Daily recommended amount is 3-4 grams of crushed seeds.

Warning:

‎No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

Dog Rose, Rose hip

Scientific name:

Rosa canina L.

Compounds:

Deseeded accessory fruit: Carotenoidsflavonoidsfruit acids [malic acidcitric acid]glusides (12-15%) [monosaccaridesoligosaccharides]pectinsprotoanthocyanidinsvitamins [vitamin C 0.2-2.5%]. The fruit and the accessory fruit also include the constituents Fixed oils (8-10%)essential oils (0.3%)proteic substancesvitamins [vitamin E].

Effect:

RosehipOne of the richest plant sources of vitamin C. It also contains proanthocyanidin and flavonoid-type phenolics. Scientific studies have revealed that rosehips have a strong antioxidant effect due to the presence of vitamin C and phenolic compounds. Rosehipis a common remedy against common cold and its symptoms thanks to its high vitamin C content. It is also effective against inflammatory diseases. Clinical studies in recent years have demonstrated the benefits of rosehip in the symptomatic treatment of arthritis (osteoarthritis), a common degenerative joint disease, and rheumatic pain (Orhan2007). Against infectious diseases: its vitamin C content and anti-inflammatory effectis beneficial in flu and common cold. In renal and urinary tract disorders: rosehip facilitates the passage of kidney stones due to its diuretic (fruit acids) and anti-inflammatory compounds. In inflammatory diseases: Alleviates the symptoms of inflammatory diseasessuch as gout and rheumatismdue to its vitamin C and anti-inflammatory compount content. In weight-loss diets: Helps reduce edema thanks to its diuretic and mild laxative (pectin and fruit acids) effect, as well as anti-inflammatory constituents. Gastrointestinal disorders: Aids in digestion in gastric acid deficiencies. can aid incolic, gallbladder pain, and gallstones. In vitamin C deficiency: Serves as a vitamin C source.

Usage:

3 times per day, 2 grams of whole crushed accessory fruit is added to freshly boiled water and left to soak for 10-15 minutes before consumption. It is recommended to drink the infusion 30 minutes before meals.

Warning:

English name:

Lavender, English Lavender

Scientific name:

Lavandula angıustifolia Miller

Compounds:

Essential oils (1-3%) [linalool (20-50%)linalyl acetate [30-40%]hydroxycoumarins [umbelliferoneherniarin]proanthocyanidin (13%)caffeic acid derivatives [rosmarinic acid]

Effect:

Nervous system disorders: Stressanxiety and sleep disorders. Gastrointestinal system: Effective against indigestionand loss of appetiteincreases bile production and flowantiflatulenteffective in psychosomatic gastrointestinal disorders. Circulatory system disorders: Aids in functional circulatory disordersand in the management of stress-related hypertension.

Usage:

Crushed herb is added to boiled water and left to soak for 10 minutes and consumed before bed. Recommended amount is 1-2 grams, based on preference. As bath theraphy: To benefit from its relaxing effect,100 grams of lavender flowers is added to 2 liters of water and heated to a boil in a covered pot. The resulting essence is poured to the bathwater. To enhance the effect, 5-10 drops of lavender essential oils can be added to the bathtub.

Warning:

No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts. The above listed effects are valid for this particular species only. Lavender species endemic to Turkey (Lavandula cariensis and Lavandula stoechas) have a different effect.

English name:

Maté

Scientific name:

Ilex paraguariensis de Saint-Hilaire

Compounds:

Purine alkaloids [caffeine (0.4-2.4%)theobromine (0.3-0.5%)]caffeic acid derivatives [chlorogenic acidetc.]flavonoids [rutinisoquercitrinkaempferol glycosides]triterpene saponinsnitrite glycosides [menisdaurin]essential oils.

Effect:

Serves as a stimulant in mental and physical exhaustion due to its caffeine and chlorogenic acid content. Has a diuretic effect (caffeine).

Usage:

2 grams (1 teaspoon) of leaves are mixed with boiled water and left to soak for 5-10 minutes. A short steeping time produces an infusion with a less sour taste. It also increases caffeine content as tannin-type compounds disolve slower.

Warning:

‎No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

Chamomile

Scientific name:

Matricaria recutita L. (= Matricaria chamomilla var.recutita)

Compounds:

When consumed: Effective against gastrointestinal spasmsflatulenceindigestionbloating and inflammation. Its mild sedative effect aids in sleeping. Its antispasmodic effect derives from the main water-soluble compounds in its make-up, namely flavonoids (apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside) and the volatile compound (-)-?-bisabolol, which has a similar effect to papaverine (WHO1999). These two compounds also have a anti-inflammatory effect. The sedative effect of chamomile has been reported to be linked to the flavonoids, particularly apigeninwhich competitively suppresses flunitrazepam binding to ligand (Viola1995). External use: Aids in wound healing due to its anti-inflammatory propertiesreduces skin edema,and serves as an antibacterial and bacteriostatic (stops the reproduction of bacteria) when applied to the skin in mild cases of skin and mucosa infections.

Effect:

Infusion: 2 grams of chamomile flowers are soaked in a cup (150 ml) of freshly boiled water. The cup is covered and the mixture is left to infuse for 5-10 minutes before consumption. Taken 3-4 times per day, after meals. Gargle: 4-10 grams (2-5 bags) of chamomile flowers are mixed with 100 ml of freshly boiled water in a cup, covered, and left to soak for 5-10 minutes. The resulting infusion is effective as a gargle in mouth and throat inflammations (Carl1991). Vapor inhalation: The vapors of the infusion, prepared for gargling as described above, can also alleviate the symptoms of upper respiratory tract inflammations such as common cold when inhaled from the nose (Saller1990). Skin inflammations: Chamomile infusioncan help clean the skin in skin inflammation, such as those that affect the face. Note: True wild chamomile (Matricaria recutita) can be used safely even on newborns. The most important risk associated to the herb is potential adverse effects in individuals with pollen allergies. On the other handa variety of plants that look similar to the chamomile family (Asteraceae) are commonly known as chamomiles. Some of these plants are known to have toxic compounds. The most dangerous of such plants is the ragwort (Senecio sp.) which contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can damage the liver. This condition, called hepatic veno-occlusive disease, leads to liver swellingand an increase in enzme levels as an indication of liver damage. Accordinglyit is crucial that the chamomile that will be used to brew infusions be procured from reliable sources.

Usage:

Warning:

English name:

Vervain

Scientific name:

Verbena officinalis L.

Compounds:

Iiridoid monoterpenes (0.2-0.5%) [verbenalinhastatoside]flavonoids [luteolinscutellarinartemidinetc.]phenylpropanoid glycosides [verbascoside (0.8%)eukovosideessential oils (citralgeraniollimoneneverbanone].

Effect:

Verbenalin is a cough-suppressantthat increases secretion and breast milk production. Although the below mentioned effects have not been corroborated by enough scientific evidence, the herb may be added to herbal infusions to enhance the effect (Blumenthal1998). Respiratory disorders: Used in mouth and throat mucosa disorderssore throatcoughingand asthma. As an anti-inflammatory agentused in rheumatismarthritis and gout and helps reduce edema. Menstrual disordersmenopause symptoms. Renal and urethral conditions. Gastrointestinal disorders: Digestion problemsliver and gallbladder disorders.

Usage:

2-3 times per day, 2-4 grams of crushed herbs is added to freshly boiled water and left to soak for 10 minutes before consumption.

Warning:

No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts. Not recommended for use during pregnancy.

English name:

Damson plum tree, Damask plum

Scientific name:

Prunus domestica ssp.insititia (L.) C.K. Schneid

Compounds:

Anthocyaninscaffeic acid derivativesvitamins [A and C]minerals [potassiumphosphorus}carbohidrates

Effect:

The ‎caffeic acid derivatives and anthocyanins in the damson are strong antioxidants. Recent studies have shown that damson is effective in managing high cholesteroland may help reduce the severity of osteoporosis.

Usage:

Used in mixed herbal infusions for its antioxidant effect.

Warning:

‎No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

European alder

Scientific name:

Sambucus nigra L.

Compounds:

Anthocyaninsflavonoidscyanogenetic glycosides [sinigrin]

Effect:

Affects vascular functions due to its antioxidant properties. Used in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Flavonoids have also been shown to be effective on the influenza virus subtype H1N1. As such, it is recommended in the prevention and treatment of flu. The fruit also has a laxative effect.

Usage:

Dried fruits are mixed with boiling water and left to soak for 10-15 minutes before consumption.

Warning:

No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts.

English name:

Pomegranate

Scientific name:

Punica granatum L.

Compounds:

Gallotannins (25-28%) [punicalinpunicalagingranatin A]. Used in the treatment of diarrhea and as a gargle in sore throat due to its astringent effect.

Effect:

Mixed with boiling water and left to soak for 10 minutes before consumption. Repeated 2-3 times per day.

Usage:

No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts. Due to its high tannin content, it may irritate gastric mucosa in sensitive individuals.

Warning:

English name:

Fennel

Scientific name:

Foeniculum vulgare L.

Compounds:

Essential oils (4-6%) [trans-anethole (80-90%)fenchone (1-10%)estragole (3-10%)]flavonoidsfixed oilspyranocoumarins and hydroxycoumarins (trace amounts)

Effect:

Gastrointestinal disorders: Increases stomach and gut motilityin digestion problemsand reduces flatulence and spasms. Respiratory disorders: Reduces throat inflammation and cough in common cold. Its volatile compounds anethole and fenchone are reported to stimulate respiratory secretion. As a result, it serves as an expectorant. Also increases breast milk production in nursing mothers.

Usage:

1.5 grams of crushed seeds is added to boiled hot water in a covered pot and left to soak for 10 minutes before consumption. 5-7 grams of crushed seeds can be used per day.

Warning:

No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts. Not recommended for use during pregnancy.

English name:

Rooibos, Red bush tea

Scientific name:

Aspalathus linearis (N.L. Burm)R. Dahlgr.

Compounds:

Tanninsflavonoids [dihydrochalcone glycosides (aspalatin)phloretin glycosides (nothofagin)quercetinluteolinrutinisoquercitrinisoorientin}minerals

Effect:

Has an antioxidant effect Used against stressallergies and digestive problems. No detailed scientific studies have been made on rooibos so far. Its antioxidant properties have been associated with a beneficial effect in various cancers and cardiovascular diseases.

Usage:

1.5 grams of processed leaves are added to boiling water and left to soak for 10 minutes before consumption.

Warning:

No risks have been reported.

English name:

St.John’s wort

Scientific name:

Hypericum perforatum L.

Compounds:

Anthracene derivatives (0.1-0.15%)[naphthodianthrones (hypericinpseudohypericin)]flavonoids (2-4%) [hyperosidequercitrinrutinisoquercitrinamentoflavone]xanthones (0.15-0.72%) [1367-tetrahydroxy-xanthone]acylphloroglucinols [hyperforin]essential oils [aliphatic hydrocarbonsmono- and sesquiterpenes]oligomeric procyanidins and other catechic tannins (6.5-15%)caffeic acid derivatives [chlorogenic acid].

Effect:

Used in cases of mild to moderate depression.

Usage:

2-3 grams (2 tablespoons) of crushed herbs is added to boiling water and left to soak for 10 minutes before consumption. This provides an infusion with 300 mg of herbal essence. The infusion should be consumed 3 times per day. It is recommended to consult a specialist if no significant progress is observed within 15-20 days.

Warning:

The risk of an adverse effect is low when St. John’s wort is used at the recommended amounts. However, it might interfere with other medications and enhance their effects, which may result in adverse effects. Therefore, individuals on medication should consult a specialist to assess potential drug interactions. Organ transplant recipients are advised to avoid consuming St. John’s wort. The herb facilitates the excretion of certain immunosuppressants (cyclosporines) that prevent transplant rejection.

English name:

Senna

Scientific name:

Cassia senna L. (Cassia acutifolia Del.), Cassia angustifolia Vahl.

Compounds:

Antrasen türevleri (%2.5-3.5)[sennozitler A, A1, B, C ve D], nafrasen türevleri [6-hidroksimusizin glukozit (C.senna), tinnevellin-6-glukozit (C.angustifolia)]

Effect:

Stimulan müshil etki: Sennozitler ve kalın bağırsaktaki parçalanma ürünleri (rein antron) su ve elektrolit emilimini azaltarak bağırsak içeriğinin hacmini ve basıncı artırmak suretiyle kalın bağırsaktaki hareketliliği artırarak etki eder.

Usage:

0.5-2 gram parçalanmış yaprak üzerine kaynatılmış sıcak su ilave edilerek 10 dakika demlendikten sonra içilir. Diğer bir hazırlanış şekli ise soğuk su içerisinde 10-12 saat bekletildikten sonra içilmesidir. Bu suretle hazırlanan çayın daha az sancı yapacağı ileri sürülmektedir. Bitki etkisini 10-12 saat sonra göstermektedir.

Warning:

Müshil ilaçlarının 1-2 haftadan uzun süre sürekli kullanılması risklidir. Bazı ilaçlar ile etkileşmektedir. Özellikle kalp ve tansiyon ilaçlarının etkisini kuvvetlendirmekte, diğer bazı ilaçların ise etkisiz hale geçmesine neden olabilmektedir. Daha ayrıntılı bilgi almak için bir uzmana danışınız. Hamilelik döneminde kullanılması önerilmemektedir.

English name:

Black tea, Green tea

Scientific name:

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze

Compounds:

Green tea:Polyphenols (30-42%) [catechins; (+)-catechin(+)-gallocatechin(-)-epicatechin(-)-epigallocatechin(-)-epigallocatechin gallate]; Purine alkaloids (1-5%) [caffeinetheobrominetheophyllineetc.]; flavonoids (20-30%). Black tea:15% of green tea catechins are left unchanged during fermentation.while the rest are formed into thearubigins and theaflavins. Polyphenolic constituents; catechins (3-10%)thearubigins (12-18%)theaflavins (3-6%)flavonols (6-8%)phenolic acids (10-12%)purine alkaloids (2.8-3.6%) and minerals (10%);Field research (epidemiological) and clinical studies have shown that long-term consumption of green or black tea may prevent certain diseases. Antioxidant effect: Both green and black tea display a strong antioxidant effect. However, the effect is comparatively lower in black teadue to the polymerization of the catechins during the fermentation of the leaves. Both types of tea are reported to have a preventative effect against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Protection against cardiovascular diseases: Increases the antioxidant capacity of the plasmareduces the risk of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (Leenen2000). Green tea reduces serum triglycerides and total cholesterol (Imai1995). These effects are more produced with green tea. Protection against cancer: It has been reported to prevent certain types of cancer(colonsmall-cell lungpancreasesophagus cancers and leukoplakia in the mouth) (Heber1999). Its purine alkaloids (caffeine, etc.) have a stimulating effect on the central nervous system. It helps reduce edema due to its function as a diuretic (caffeine, etc.). It can reduce the symptoms of mild cases of diarrhea (catechins). Oral hygiene: Experiments have shown that both types of tea are effective against microorganisms that adversely affect oral health. As a result, it has been reported to help prevent tooth decaywhen consumed without sugar or used as a gargle. On the other hand,black and green tea

Effect:

Usage:

Warning:

English name:

Ceylon Cinnamon

Scientific name:

Cinnamomum verum J.S. Persl. (= Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume)

Compounds:

Essential oils [cinnamaldehyde (65%)eugenolcinnamyl acetatecinnamyl alcoholcinnamic acid]diterpenes [cinnzeylanolcinnzeylanine]oligomeric proantocyanidinsmucilages

Effect:

Gastrointestinal disorders: Effective against loss of appetiteindigestionspasmsflatulance and bloating. Also effective on bacteria and microfungi.

Usage:

0.5-1 grams of crushed bark is mixed with boiling water and left to soak for 15 minutes before consumption. Repeated 3-4 times per day.

Warning:

No risks have been reported when used in recommended amounts. May cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Not recommended for use during pregnancy.

English name:

Peppermint

Scientific name:

Mentha x piperita L.

Compounds:

Phenolic acids (%7)[caffeicrosmarinicchlorogenic]essential oils (0.5-4.0%) [mentholmentone]flavonoids [apigeninluteolin and diosmetin glycosides]

Effect:

Used in gastrointestinal disorders. - Indigestionbloatingexcessive flatulence.- Gastrointestinal systemgallbladder and bile duct spasms.

Usage:

2 grams of dried mint leaves are added to freshly boiled water and left to soak for 5-10 minutes before consumption. Recommended consumption in gastrointestinal disorders is 2-5 times per day on an empty stomach.

Warning:

Individuals suffering from acid reflex and gallstones should use with care due to its effect in increasing gallbladder secretion.

English name:

Grape

Scientific name:

Vitis vinifera L.

Compounds:

oligomeric procyanidols [catechinepicatechin]stilbenes [resveratrolviniferines]flavonoids [quercetin and kaempferol glycosides]fruit acids [tartaric acidmalic acidcitric acidsuccinic acidoxalic acid]phenyl acrylic acid derivatives [p-coumaroyl acidcaffeoyl acid]

Effect:

Oligomeric procyanidols are an important group of antioxidants. Studies have shown that these plant compounds have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular functions. Grape seeds are one of the prime sources of oligomeric procyanidols. When consumed for a period of 14 days, grape drinks rich in these compounds have been shown to dilute the blood and facilitate blood flow. In addition, thanks to their antioxidant properties, oligomeric procyanidols prevent oxidation of bad cholesterol (LDL) into the more dangerous form (VLDL), thereby reducing the risk of embolism. In another study,proanthocyanidins in grape seeds have been shown to have a stronger protective effect against brain and liver damage resulting from free radicalscompared to other antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-Carotene.

Usage:

The infusion prepared by steeping crushed seeds in boiling water contain the water-soluble compounds (particularly oligomeric procyanidols).

Warning:

No risks have been reported.

English name:

Bilberry

Scientific name:

Vaccinium myrtillus L.

Compounds:

Catechic tannins (1-7%)myrtillin (gallic acid glycoside)flavonoids [hyperosidequercitrinisoquercitrinastragalin]caffeic acid derivatives [chlorogenic acid]phenolic acids [salycylic acidgentisic acid]iridoid monoterpenes [asperulosidemonotropein]quinolizidine alkaloids

Effect:

Its polyphenolic compounds have antioxidant properties. As such, it is recommended for use as a preventative against cardiovascular diseases and for the regulation of blood sugar.

Usage:

1-2 tablespoons (1 gram) of crushed leaves are mixed with boiling water and left to soak for 10-15 minutes before consumption.

Warning:

May cause gastric discomfort or constipation in excessive and long-term use due to the presence of catechic tannins.

English name:

Common Jasmine

Scientific name:

Jasminum officinale L.

Compounds:

Essential oils

Effect:

Jasmine floweris used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine in the treatment of liver and stomach diseases and againstheadachetoothache and menstrual pain. In Western medicine, jasmine flowers are included in infusions due to their sweet aroma.

Usage:

Added to herbal infusions for its aroma.

Warning:

No adverse effects have been reported.

English name:

Scientific name:

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Compounds:

Oleoresin (4-10%) [mainly gingerols and their derivative shogaols]essential oils (1.0-3.3%) [mainly beta-Bisabolenezingiberene, etc. sesquiterpenes]carbohydrates (40-60%) [mainly starch]protein and amino acids (9-10%)

Effect:

Used against motion sicknessmorning sickness in pregnancy, nausea in chemotherapy patients, and anesthesia-related post-operative nausea. Its anti-nausea effect influences the stomach directlyand the herb has no sedative effect on the central nervous system. It also aids in the digestion of fatty food when taken after meals due to its biligenic properties. May help reduce the inflammation-related symptoms in osteoarthritis.

Usage:

Depending on the severity of the symptoms, 0.25-1 grams of ginger is added to a cup of freshly boiled water and left to soak for 20 minutes before consumption. To alleviate the symptoms of motion sickness, one cup of infusion may be taken every 3-4 hours depending on the length of journey. For a more effective result, the infusion can be boiled for 10 minutes in a covered potand added lemon and honey.

Warning:

Daily consumption should not exceed 1.5 grams during pregnancy. As it increases bile productionindividuals who have undergone gallbladder removal surgery (cholecystectomy) may feel pain in the lower-back area when consuming ginger (no other risks have been reported). Ginger usage is not recommended in individuals suffering from gallstones as increased bile flow may dislocate the stone and cause a blockage in the bile duct.

English name:

Turmeric

Scientific name:

Curcuma domestica Valeton (= Curcuma longa L.= Curcuma aromatica Salisbury)

Compounds:

Essential oils (3-5%) [alpha and beta-Turmerone (aromatic compounds)arturmeronezingiberenecurcumol]

Effect:

curcuminoids (3-5%) [curcumindimethoxy curcumin]

Usage:

15-diaryl-penta-1.4-dien-3-one derivatives

Warning:

starch (30-40%).